Abstract
Because of urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles on the road, traffic has become more complex, leading to increasing car accidents and traffic congestion. Self-driving car technology research has made things easier on the road and change the traditional transportation way. Lots of research work focuses on the perception of transportation environment, path planning, etc. However, fundamental issues like accurate positioning, map building of the environment, etc., still need more work to assure safety and reliability of self-driving cars Accurate positioning and mapping are important for self-driving cars because both of them are the necessary components to enhance the safety and trustworthiness of self-driving cars. In the real world, GPS is not one hundred percent accurate and there are no GPS signals in tunnels and urban canyons. Furthermore, lanes, buildings, and trees can reduce the accuracy of GNSS greatly.
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